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Table 1 Treg homeostatic changes have been found in various diseases

From: Pathological conditions re-shape physiological Tregs into pathological Tregs

Pathological conditions

Major phenotypes

PMIDs

Reference #

Atherosclerosis coronary disease (CAD)

Tregs in chronic stable angina patients →

20539016

[23]

 

Tregs in patients with ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction ↑

  
 

Tregs in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome patients ↓

  
 

Ratio of CD4+CD2S+Foxp3+/CD4+ T cells in patients with acute coronary syndrome ↓

18294918

[24]

 

CD4+CD2S+Foxp3+ Tregs in patients with unstable CAD ↓

17512253

[25]

End stage kidney disease

Tregs sensitivity to Fas-mediated apoptosis

20429423

[26]

Type II diabetes

 

Ratio of CD4+CD2Shigh Treg/Th17 ↓

21964948

[27]

 

Ratio of CD4+CD2Shigh Treg/Th1 ↓

21169542

[28]

 

Peripheral induced CD4+Foxp3+Helios Tregs ↓

  
 

Bcl-2/Bax ratio in CD4+CD2Shigh Tregs ↓

  

Obesity-linked insulin resistance

Natural Tregs↓

21911743

[29]

 

Adaptive Tregs in visceral adipose tissue ↑

  

Obesity

Circulating C04+CD25÷CD127-Foxp3+ Tregs ↓ and inversely correlated with body weight

23592653

[30]

 

Visceral adipose Tregs ↓

21298111

[31]

Allergy

Individuals may develop allergy (Th2 predominant) or recovery (Tr1 predominant) depending on the balance between allergen-specific Th2 and Tr1

15173208, 14987885

[32,33]

  

12704370

[34]

 

CD4+CD25+ Tregs inhibit TH1 and TH2, cytokine production in atopic patients

  

SLE (lupus)

CD4+CD2S+, CD4+CD69+ and CD4+CD2Shigh Tregs ↓

14599852

[35]

 

The frequency →, and function of CD4+CD25+ cells ↓, CD4+Foxp3+

16890406

[36]

 

The ratio and number of CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ nTregs ↓

17670847

[37]

 

The ratio of CD4+IL-1G÷ iTregs, but the number →

  

Rheumatoid arthritis

CD4+CD2sbright Tregs cell in joint fluid ↑

15807863,

[38]

 

CD4+CD2sbright Tregs cell in peripheral blood ↓

15225369, 16571607

[39,40]

 

Function of CD4+CD25+Tregs ↓

15280421

[41]

Severe juvenile idiopathic arthritis

CD4+CD25bright

15128835

[42]

Sepsis

Ratio of circulating CD4.CD25÷CD45RO+CD69 Tregs/CD4+CD25— Teffectorst ↑

12847405, 15640650

[43,44]

  

18946659

[45]

 

Increased CD4+CD25+CD127Foxp3+ Tregs contribute to lymphocyte anergy Percentage of CD4+CD25+ Treg ↑

15640650

[44]

 

Resistance of Treg to apoptosis processes

11292647, 15817707

[46,47]

Injury

CD4+CD25+ Treg function ↑ after burn injury

16365414

[48]

 

CD3+CD4+CD2ShighCDl27lowFoxp3+ ↑ in patients with acute lung injury

19770521

[49]

Graft rejection

The frequencies and proportion of CD4+CD2S+Foxp3+ Tregs → in allograft acceptors and rejecters, but the Foxp3 expression levels in Tregs in acceptor patients are 50% higher than rejecter patients

19109145

[50]

 

Cotransfer of purified CD4+CD2S+ Tregs along with the CD4+CD25 T cells significantly delay graft versus host disease

11390438

[51]

 

Inducible Tregs prolong allograft survival without newly formed innate Tregs entering the periphery

14707064

[52]

 

TCR+CD4CD8 Tregs mediate acceptance of skin allografts by inducing the deletion of alloreactive CD8+ T cells

10888927

[53]

 

FoxP3+ Treg/CD3+ T cell ratio positively correlated with graft function at 2 years after transplantation

18495961

[54]

Cancer

CD4+CD25high Tregs ↑ in circulating and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in patients with epithelial malignancies, inhibiting the proliferation of conventional T cells and IFN-y production

11466340

[55]

 

CD4+CD25high Tregs with positive lL.10/TGF-p/CTLA-4 ↑ in peripheral blood, lymph nodes and tumor tissue in patients with pancreatic and breast cancer

12193750

[56]

 

IL-lO-producing CD4+CD2Shigh Tregs ↑ in PB, TILs, draining LNs, and ascites fluid in gastro-esophageal cancers, which were strongly associated to disease stage

14555512, 15734494, 16328385, 12942579

[57-60]

 

CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs ↑ in PB, malignant ascites, tumoral tissue, and draining INs in patients with ovarian cancer patients

15322536

[61]

 

Circulating CD4+CD25high Tregs ↑ in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLI), B cell-derived non-Hodgkin lymphomas (B-NHL5)

15914560, 16403912, 17047079

[62-64]

 

CD4+CD25highCD45RACD69CD45RO+CD9S+ Tregs ↑ in acute myeloid leukemia and present higher apoptosis and proliferation

16313258

[65]

  1. ↑: significant increase, ↓: significant decrease, →: no change.