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Table 2 Overview of the physical effects of vacuum massage on epidermis/dermis/hypodermis

From: The physical and physiological effects of vacuum massage on the different skin layers: a current status of the literature

Paper

Tissue hardness subjective

Tissue hardness objective

Elasticity subjective

Elasticity objective

Skin fold thickness

Scar adhesions

Face volume

Skin laxity

Epidermal thickness

Skin roughness

Colour subjective

Delprat et al. 1995 [12]

     

Decreased

     

Gavroy et al. 1996 [22]

     

Decreased

     

Adcock et al. 2001 [23]

 

Decreased

         

Revuz et al. 2002 [19]

   

No changes

  

Decreased

Decreased

   

Innocenzi et al. 2002 [20]

        

Increased

  

Innocenzi et al. 2003 [21]

        

Increased

  

Ortonne et al. 2003 [26]

    

Decreased

    

Decreased

 

Worret et al. 2004 [3]

Decreased

 

Increased

Increased

      

Decreased

Moseley et al. 2007 [24]

Decreased

Decreased

Increased

        

Bourgeois et al. 2008 [27]

Decreased

        

Decreased

Decreased

Monteux et al. 2008 [13]

    

Decreased

      

Scuderi et al. 2008 [28]

Decreased

      

Decreased

   

Marquez-Rebollo et al. 2014 [17]

Decreased

 

Increased

        

Majani et al. 2013 [18]

Decreased

 

Increased

       Â