The diagnostic and prognostic value of systems biology research in major traumatic and thermal injury: a review

Burns & Trauma

Table 1 Trauma-induced changes in immunity that are associated with and/or predictive of adverse patient outcomes

		Increased risk of nosocomial infection	Development of sepsis	Mortality
Neutrophils	Frequency	Increased [60]
	Phenotype	Decreased CD88 [80]	Increased CD11b [81] Decreased CD88 [80]	Decreased CD88 [80]
	Function	Decreased anti-microbial function [82]	Decreased anti-microbial function [83, 84] Decreased chemotaxis [85]
Monocytes	Frequency	Decreased [60]
	Phenotype	Decreased HLA-DR [80, 86]	Decreased HLA-DR [61, 87–89]	Decreased HLA-DR [88] Increased intracellular TLR9 expression [33]
	Function	Decreased LPS-induced TNF-α secretion [90, 91]
Natural killer cells	Frequency	Decreased [92]
Leukocytes	Frequency	Increased [60]		Increased [93]
Leukocytes	Gene expression	Increased expression of inflammation-related genes [15, 22]		Increased P38 MAPK and IL-6 expression [22, 23] Decreased expression of genes related to antigen presentation and T cell regulation [15, 22, 23]
Lymphocytes	Frequency	Decreased [60, 93]		Decreased [93]

Abbreviations: HLA-DR human leukocyte antigen-DR, IL-6 interleukin-6, LPS lipopolysaccharide, MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase, TLR toll-like receptor, TNF tumour necrosis factor alpha

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