Metabolic imbalance | Observations | References |
---|---|---|
Underfeeding | Negative energy balance associated with poor outcome of critically ill patients | [44] |
Nutrition intolerance is associated with a high mortality rate | ||
Hitting a specific caloric target for each patient is associated with improved outcomes and lower mortality rates | ||
Overfeeding | Overfeeding is associated with hypercapnia | |
Excess nutrient administration is associated with lower survival rate | ||
A longer time on mechanical ventilation and in the ICU is reported | ||
Hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia were highlighted | ||
A high number of cases of metabolic acidosis and hypertonic dehydration associated with overfeeding have been reported | ||
Autophagy | Associated with insufficient degradation of protein structures and malfunctioned mitochondria | [61] |
Accelerated muscle destruction | ||
Difficult biochemical and pathophysiological systems recovery in case of patients with MODS | ||
The immune system is affected and sepsis is accelerated | ||
Affection of the endogen antioxidant system with augmented pro-oxidative and proinflammatory status | ||
Re-feeding | A severe change in electrolyte balance is reported | |
Fluid and sodium ions retention are associated with heart failure and respiratory failure |