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Table 1 Clinical consequences due to severe metabolic imbalance

From: The influence of metabolic imbalances and oxidative stress on the outcome of critically ill polytrauma patients: a review

Metabolic imbalance

Observations

References

Underfeeding

Negative energy balance associated with poor outcome of critically ill patients

[44]

Nutrition intolerance is associated with a high mortality rate

Hitting a specific caloric target for each patient is associated with improved outcomes and lower mortality rates

Overfeeding

Overfeeding is associated with hypercapnia

[59, 60]

Excess nutrient administration is associated with lower survival rate

A longer time on mechanical ventilation and in the ICU is reported

Hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia were highlighted

A high number of cases of metabolic acidosis and hypertonic dehydration associated with overfeeding have been reported

Autophagy

Associated with insufficient degradation of protein structures and malfunctioned mitochondria

[61]

Accelerated muscle destruction

Difficult biochemical and pathophysiological systems recovery in case of patients with MODS

The immune system is affected and sepsis is accelerated

Affection of the endogen antioxidant system with augmented pro-oxidative and proinflammatory status

Re-feeding

A severe change in electrolyte balance is reported

[62, 63]

Fluid and sodium ions retention are associated with heart failure and respiratory failure