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Table 2 Biologic skin substitutes, commercially available or in clinical trial (adapted from [100])

From: Tissue engineering of skin and regenerative medicine for wound care

Model [references]

Composition

Indications for use

Acellular skin substitutes

Integra Dermal Regeneration Template [17, 101]

Bovine collagen and chondroitin-sulfate coated with silicone

Burns, reconstructive surgery

AlloDerm [19, 102]

Decellularized human dermis

Repair or replacement of damaged or inadequate integumental tissue

MatriDerm [103, 104]

Bovine collagen and elastin

Burns, reconstructive surgery

Hyalomatrix [20, 105]

Derivatized hyaluronic acid

Partial- and full-thickness wounds

BioTemporizing Matrix [22, 106]

Bilaminate degradable polyurethane

Burns, reconstructive surgery

Temporary skin substitutes (dressings)

Cadaver allograft [29, 107]

Split-thickness skin from human donors, unfrozen or cryopreserved

Burns, reconstructive surgery

Porcine xenograft [31, 32]

Split-thickness porcine skin, cryopreserved or lyophilized

Burns, reconstructive surgery

Apligraf® [108, 109]

Allo hF in collagen gel plus stratified allo hK

Diabetic foot ulcers

StrataGraft® [33, 110]

Allo hF in collagen gel plus stratified allo hK

Partial-thickness burns

DermaGraft® [111, 112]

Allo hF on poly-galactin mesh

Diabetic foot ulcers

Permanent skin substitutes (grafts)

EpiCel® [34, 113]

Cultured auto hK multi-layer sheet

Full-thickness burns

ReCell® [3, 114]

Uncultured suspension of auto hK, delivered as a spray

Partial-thickness burns

Reconstructed skin [36, 115]

Auto hF on acellular scaffold of dermal extracelluar matrix, plus stratified auto hK

Full-thickness burns, venous and mixed ulcers

Autologous engineered skin substitute [39, 116]

Auto hF on a collagen-GAG scaffold, plus stratified auto hK

Full-thickness burns