Table 3 Developmental pathways and regulatory factors for cutaneous phenotypes (adapted from [100])

Epidermal barrier

Ca²⁺ [117, 118]

Transglutaminase, loricrin [119, 120]

Essential fatty acids, stratum corneum lipids [121, 122]

Dermal-epidermal junction

Integrins [123, 124]

FAK-Ras-MapK [60, 124]

PKB/Akt-ERK1/2 [125]

Hair follicle genesis and cycling

Wnt/β-catenin/DKK4/BMPs [60, 61]

EDA/EDAR [126, 127]

Sox-2, -21 [128, 129]

Sebaceous glands

Rac1-Sox9-Lrig1 [61, 130]

Wnt; Blimp1; IHH; c-myc [131]

TGFβ-1 [132]

Sweat glands

Wnt/β-catenin [133]

EDA/EDAR/NF-κB [134]

DKK4, SHH [135]

Pigmentation

c-kit/SCF; [136]

ET-3/EDNRB2 [137]

Sox-10/Mitf; Eph/EphR; [138]

Sensory and motor innervation

c-jun [139]

Sox-2,-10 [55]

Oct-6; Krox-20; Pax 3 [140]

Cardiovascular system

Sox-7, -17, -18 [141]

Mef2c/β-catenin [142]

VEGF; HOXA9, VEZF1 [143]

Subcutaneous fat

PPARγ [144]

Pref-1; Fabp4 [145]

Myf5; Ebf2; Prdm16; Pgc-1α [146]