Table 2 Summary of clinical trials investigating vitamin D supplementation in critically ill patients
From: Vitamin D status and its influence on outcomes following major burn injury and critical illness
Amrein [123] | 2011 | Austria | Single-center multidisciplinary ICU patients | 25 | ELISA | Single dose of cholecalciferol 540,000Â IU | Oral | No statistical difference in assessed clinical outcome including mechanical ventilation, vasopressor dependency, hospital stay, ICU stay, and hospital mortality | None |
Amrein [93] | 2014 | Austria | Single-center multidisciplinary ICU patients | 475 | LC-MS/MS | Single dose of cholecalciferol 540,000 IU followed by a monthly dose of 90,000 IU for 5 months | Oral | No statistical difference in assessed clinical outcomes including hospital length of stay, hospital mortality, and 6-month mortality. Significant lower hospital mortality observed in critically severe vitamin D-deficient patients. | At month 6, 4 of 37 vitamin D-supplemented patients (11%) developed total calcium levels of > 10.6 mg/dL vs 1 of 43 patients in placebo group |
Leaf [124] | 2014 | USA | Multicenter multidisciplinary ICU patients with severe sepsis and septic shock | 67 | LC-MS/MS | Single dose of calcitriol 2 μg | Intravenous | No influence on clinical outcome, mixed effects on inflammatory markers | None |
Quraishi [125] | 2015 | USA | Single-center multidisciplinary ICU patients with severe sepsis and septic shock | 30 | ELISA | Single dose of cholecalciferol 200,000 or 400,000Â IU | Oral | Associated with increased cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide levels, no effect on c-reactive protein | None |
Nair [126] | 2015 | Australia | Single-center multidisciplinary ICU patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome | 50 | LC-MS and ELISA | Single dose of cholecalciferol 150,000 or 300,000Â IU | Oral | Associated with increased levels of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide and reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 | None |
Han [127] | 2016 | USA | Multicenter multidisciplinary ventilated ICU patients | 30 | IA and ELISA | Daily doses of cholecalciferol 50,000 or 100,000Â IU for 5Â days | Oral | Hospital length of stay significantly decreased | None |
Alizadeh [128] | 2016 | Iran | Single-center surgical ICU patients | 59 | ELISA | Single dose of cholecalciferol 600,000Â IU | Intramuscular | Adiponectin, biomarker of insulin sensitivity, is significantly elevated. No effect on homoeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance and homestasis model assessment adiponectin. | Not reported |
Han [129] | 2017 | USA | Multicenter multidisciplinary ventilated ICU patients | 30 | ELISA | Daily doses of cholecalciferol 50,000 or 100,000 IU for 5 days | Oral | Associated with increasing systemic levels of mRNA expression of human cationic antimicrobial protein overtime. No effect on circulating cathelicidin and human β-defensin. | None |