Table 1 Characteristics of patient demographics, co-morbidities, mechanisms of traumatic injury, outcomes, life-saving interventions (LSI), vital signs, laboratory results and triage trauma scores
|  | LSI (n = 49) | Non-LSI (n = 176) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
Patient demographics | |||
 Age (median, IQR) | 39, 27–53 | 44, 31–62 | 0.051 |
 Age> 56 (n, %) | 9, 18.36% | 62, 35.23% | 0.025 |
 Male (n, %) | 42, 85.71% | 115, 65.34% | 0.006 |
 Chinese (n, %) | 28, 57.14% | 105, 59.66% | 0.751 |
 Ischemic heart disease (n, %) | 0, 0.00% | 9, 5.11% | 0.106 |
 Diabetes mellitus (n, %) | 3, 0.06% | 21, 11.93% | 0.244 |
 Hypertension (n, %) | 7, 14.29% | 36, 20.45% | 0.331 |
 Hyperlipidemia (n, %) | 3, 0.06% | 26, 14.77% | 0.110 |
 Congestive cardiac failure (n, %) | 1, 0.02% | 3, 0.02% | 0.875 |
 Cancer (n, %) | 0, 0.00% | 13, 0.07% | 0.052 |
 Respiratory disease (n, %) | 2, 0.04% | 10, 0.06% | 0.659 |
 Renal disease (n, %) | 0, 0.00% | 6, 0.03% | 0.190 |
Mechanisms of traumatic injury | |||
 Fall (n, %) | 7, 14.29% | 87, 49.43% | < 0.001 |
 Road traffic accident (n, %) | 19, 38.78% | 46, 26.14% | 0.084 |
 Burns (n, %) | 9, 18.37% | 15, 0.09% | 0.048 |
 Others (n, %) | 14, 28.57% | 28, 15.91% | 0.044 |
Outcomes | |||
 Intensive care unit admission (n, %) | 22, 44.90% | 5, 2.84% | < 0.001 |
 Death (n, %) | 10, 20.41% | 1, 0.57% | < 0.001 |
 Overall stay (median, IQR) | 21, 9–106 | 3, 2–15 | < 0.001 |
LSI (n, %) | 49, 21.78% | Â | Â |
 Operating theatre within 24 h, for trauma (n, %) | 35, 71.43% |  |  |
 Endotracheal intubation (n, %) | 10, 20.41% |  |  |
 Blood transfusion (n, %) | 16, 32.65% |  |  |
Vital signs | |||
 Heart rate, beats per minute (mean ± SD) | 93.49 ± 21.28 | 85.42 ± 16.32 | 0.020 |
 Respiratory rate, breaths per minute (median, IQR) | 18.00, 14–19 | 18.00, 18–18 | 0.396 |
 Temperature, degrees Celsius (median, IQR) | 36.50, 31.3–36.7 | 36.70, 36.1–36.9 | 0.972 |
 Systolic blood pressure, mmHg (mean ± SD) | 126.14 ± 29.59 | 138.45 ± 24.76 | 0.238 |
 Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg (mean ± SD) | 75.41 ± 19.31 | 77.40 ± 14.84 | 0.106 |
 Oxygen saturation, % (median, IQR) | 99, 98–100 | 100, 98–100 | 0.397 |
 Glasgow coma scale (median, IQR) | 15, 3–15 | 15, 15–15 | < 0.001 |
 Pain score, out of 10 (median, IQR) | 6, 0–9 | 7, 0–10 | 0.798 |
Laboratory results | |||
 Haemoglobin (mean ± SD) | 13.97 ± 2.55 (n = 49) | 13.48 ± 2.38 (n = 151) | 0.852 |
 pH (median, IQR) | 7.00, 7.00–7.31 (n = 17) | 7.36, 7.25–7.41 (n = 22) | 0.038 |
 Lactate (median, IQR) | 2.7, 2.1–3.6 (n = 23) | 2.2, 1.8–3.3 (n = 38) | 0.015 |
Triage trauma scores | |||
 T-RTS (median, IQR) | 12, 8–12 | 12, 12–12 | < 0.001 |
 MEWS (median, IQR) | 1, 1–3 | 1, 1–2 | < 0.001 |
 M-GAP (median, IQR) | 25, 17–26 | 27, 22–29 | 0.002 |
 GAP (median, IQR) | 22, 12–24 | 24, 19–24 | 0.011 |