Current progress of skin tissue engineering: Seed cells, bioscaffolds, and construction strategies

Burns & Trauma

Table 1: Summary of available seed cells in TES constructs

Source	Potential usages	Autologous possibility	Identified isolation	Unlimited propagation	Pluripotency	Immunogenicity	Tumorigenicity	Legal restriction	Reference
Skin-derived seed cells
Keratinocytes	E	•	•	•*		•			[4–6]
Dermal fibroblasts	D	•	•			•			[17, 19]
Epidermal stem cells	E/D	•		•	•	•			[20, 22, 25, 26]
Melanocytes	E	•	•			•			[30]
Non-cutaneous cells
Embryonic stem cells	E/D		•	•*	•			•	[32–34, 36]
Inducible pluripotent stem cells	E/D	•	•	•*	•	•	•	•	[32, 40–42]
Mesenchymal stem cells	E/D	•	•		•				[47, 48, 50, 51]
Endothelial cells	D	•	•			•			[58, 59]
Amniotic cells	E/D				•				[63, 64]

E, epidermis; D, dermis; E/D, epidermis or dermis; •, reported character; *, feeder cell needed

ISSN: 2321-3876