Table 1: Summary of available seed cells in TES constructs
From: Current progress of skin tissue engineering: Seed cells, bioscaffolds, and construction strategies
| Source | Potential usages | Autologous possibility | Identified isolation | Unlimited propagation | Pluripotency | Immunogenicity | Tumorigenicity | Legal restriction | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Skin-derived seed cells | |||||||||
| Keratinocytes | E | • | • | •* | • | [4–6] | |||
| Dermal fibroblasts | D | • | • | • | [17, 19] | ||||
| Epidermal stem cells | E/D | • | • | • | • | [20, 22, 25, 26] | |||
| Melanocytes | E | • | • | • | [30] | ||||
| Non-cutaneous cells | |||||||||
| Embryonic stem cells | E/D | • | •* | • | • | [32–34, 36] | |||
| Inducible pluripotent stem cells | E/D | • | • | •* | • | • | • | • | [32, 40–42] |
| Mesenchymal stem cells | E/D | • | • | • | [47, 48, 50, 51] | ||||
| Endothelial cells | D | • | • | • | [58, 59] | ||||
| Amniotic cells | E/D | • | [63, 64] |