Table 2 Biomaterial-based dressings for scar management

Biomaterials composed of natural polymers

Hyaluronic acid (HA) in ECM

In vivo

Reducing TGF-β1 level in the wound, maintaining optimal viscoelastic properties of the ECM, and decreasing levels of fibronectin, fibromodulin, procollagen I, and HA synthase

[32–34]

Genipin cross-linked gelatin (GCG) and collagen sheets

In vivo

Scarless nerve regeneration, favorable nerve functional recovery

[35]

Microbial cellulose

In vivo

Improving the healing rate, decreasing pain and reducing scar tissue formation, necrotic debris removal, new cell migration and growth, and prompting reepithelialization

36

Collagen membrane cross-linked with glutaraldehyde

In vivo

Oral scar reducing, controlling infection in primary healing stage, and reducing growth of granulation tissue

[37]

Electrospun nanofibrous dressings composited of silk fibroin/gelatin and cellulose acetate

In vivo and in vitro

Increasing expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and existence of collagen type I

[38, 39]

Electrospun silk fibroin nanomatrix

In vivo

Reducing the wound healing period and scar formation

[40]

Biomaterials incorporated with bioactive molecules

Genipin-modified collagen sheets

In vivo

Reducing scars in first- and second-degree burns, assisting the synthesis of neodermal collagen matrices

[35, 41]

Polyvinyl alcohol–sodium alginate gel-matrix-based wound dressing system containing nitrofurazone

In vivo

Keeping wound moist and prevent secondary damage, mild positive effects on inflammatory phase and create reducing wound size

[42]

Multifunctional acellular biologic scaffold

In vivo

Selective delivery and release of shielded biomaterials and bioactive substances, scaffolds help in vascularization, blood vessel formation, and keeps body temperature

[43]

Commercial calcium alginate

In vivo

Scarring prevention by moisture management and regulating amount of exudates in wound during the healing

[45]

Ginsenoside Rg3-loaded electrospun poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) fibrous membranes

In vitro

Scar prevention, decreasing the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), mRNA, and collagen type I

[49]

Norfloxacin-loaded collagen/chitosan scaffold

In vivo

Controlling infection which contributes to lower inflammation, higher new cell growth, and faster wound closure

[50]

Dressing of polyester fabric containing elemental silver and zinc

In vivo

Promoting collagen synthesis and reepithelialization rate

[51, 52]